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This book explores the extent of private companies' freedom of
action during the Nazi period through six case studies of different
economic sectors. Since the mid-1990s, historical research has
intensively discussed the role played by private, domestic and
foreign enterprises during the 'Third Reich'. Numerous case studies
suggest that even under the extreme ideological circumstances of
the 'Third Reich', the strategic decisions of private firms
followed economic criteria. In fact, the regime was especially able
to control the economy successfully in those cases in which it
operated with economic incentives and gave companies room for
manoeuvre. This scope, however, became increasingly smaller towards
the end of the war due to increasing state intervention and
government control. The chapters discuss this scope of action and
relate it to the National Socialist crimes. This book was
originally published as a special issue of Business History.
National competitiveness has become a misnomer, as competitiveness
is increasingly understood as a regional phenomenon and regions are
not confined to the boundaries of the nation state. This book
focuses on the Port of Rotterdam and its hinterland - i.e. the
Lower Rhine and the Ruhr area. A transnational perspective is
imperative to understand the historical trajectories of the port,
the hinterland and the region itself. This book brings geography
and the transnational study of regions back into the historical
discipline, linking places to larger geographical scales and to
systems of production and consumption and the global chains in
which they are organised. This book will be of interest to scholars
and practitioners in urban studies, urban planning, public policy,
geography and political science.
National competitiveness has become a misnomer, as competitiveness
is increasingly understood as a regional phenomenon and regions are
not confined to the boundaries of the nation state. This book
focuses on the Port of Rotterdam and its hinterland - i.e. the
Lower Rhine and the Ruhr area. A transnational perspective is
imperative to understand the historical trajectories of the port,
the hinterland and the region itself. This book brings geography
and the transnational study of regions back into the historical
discipline, linking places to larger geographical scales and to
systems of production and consumption and the global chains in
which they are organised. This book will be of interest to scholars
and practitioners in urban studies, urban planning, public policy,
geography and political science.
Hitherto, the organization of international business has been
studied mostly from a managerial point of view or by examining the
relationship between firms and the economy. Yet, the development of
the modern, multinational firm - the most important type of
business organisation - has been strongly influenced by the
conflicts that bedeviled the twentieth century. The volatile
macroeconomic and political environments experienced by
international business point to how important it is to study
political risk. Consequently, Multinational Enterprise, Political
Risk and Organisational Change: From Total War to Cold War breaks
new ground: it argues that non-market elements and historical
context are key to understanding the way international business has
been organised. This edited volume offers an historical approach to
analysing how multinational enterprise has developed over time and
around the world, through a series of well-crafted chapters, on
important topics in international economic and business history,
written by authorities in their respective fields of study and
research. The study is based on the underlying premise that the
coming of the two World Wars, the devastating and long-term
consequences of such total wars, and the ideological challenge of
the Cold War acted as a pivot points in shaping the nature and
character of multinational firms. By examining such phenomena, this
study offers insights to anyone who has an interest in business,
economic or political history, management and business studies, or
international relations.
This book deals with the activities of the Anglo-Dutch
multinational during the war. Given the various threats faced by
Unilever during the Nazi period, Ben Wubs argues that it was not
self evident that the company would survive the war. Based on
research into company sources which were hitherto unavailable, he
shows the effect of the war on Unilever as well as the changing
conditions in the European food, oil and fats and soap industries.
Wubs makes an analysis of the company's strategy, structure and
performance in this period. Simultaneously, it explores the
external conditions, which helped the company to survive the war.
The author argues that Unilever survived World War II because the
group had prepared itself legally well in advance. As a
consequence, the company could easily be split in two autonomous
parts. Unilever's highly decentralized operating structure helped
the company to survive the ambitious of the Nazi State. The
deteriorating war conditions for Nazi Germany eventually worked to
the advantage of the company. Besides, Unilever's innovative
attitude helped the company to adapt to completely new conditions
of resource allocation.
Hitherto, the organization of international business has been
studied mostly from a managerial point of view or by examining the
relationship between firms and the economy. Yet, the development of
the modern, multinational firm - the most important type of
business organisation - has been strongly influenced by the
conflicts that bedeviled the twentieth century. The volatile
macroeconomic and political environments experienced by
international business point to how important it is to study
political risk. Consequently, Multinational Enterprise, Political
Risk and Organisational Change: From Total War to Cold War breaks
new ground: it argues that non-market elements and historical
context are key to understanding the way international business has
been organised. This edited volume offers an historical approach to
analysing how multinational enterprise has developed over time and
around the world, through a series of well-crafted chapters, on
important topics in international economic and business history,
written by authorities in their respective fields of study and
research. The study is based on the underlying premise that the
coming of the two World Wars, the devastating and long-term
consequences of such total wars, and the ideological challenge of
the Cold War acted as a pivot points in shaping the nature and
character of multinational firms. By examining such phenomena, this
study offers insights to anyone who has an interest in business,
economic or political history, management and business studies, or
international relations.
This book deals with the activities of the Anglo-Dutch
multinational during the war. Given the various threats faced by
Unilever during the Nazi period, Ben Wubs argues that it was not
self evident that the company would survive the war. Based on
research into company sources which were hitherto unavailable, he
shows the effect of the war on Unilever as well as the changing
conditions in the European food, oil and fats and soap industries.
Wubs makes an analysis of the company's strategy, structure and
performance in this period. Simultaneously, it explores the
external conditions, which helped the company to survive the war.
The author argues that Unilever survived World War II because the
group had prepared itself legally well in advance. As a
consequence, the company could easily be split in two autonomous
parts. Unilever's highly decentralized operating structure helped
the company to survive the ambitious of the Nazi State. The
deteriorating war conditions for Nazi Germany eventually worked to
the advantage of the company. Besides, Unilever's innovative
attitude helped the company to adapt to completely new conditions
of resource allocation.
The fashion business has been collecting and analyzing information
about colors, fabrics, silhouettes, and styles since the 18th
century - activities that have long been shrouded in mystery. The
Fashion Forecasters is the first book to reveal the hidden history
of color and trend forecasting and to explore its relevance to the
fashion business of the past two centuries. It sheds light on trend
forecasting in the industrial era, the profession's maturation
during the modernist moment of the 20th century, and its continued
importance in today's digital fast-fashion culture. Based on
in-depth archival research and oral history interviews, The Fashion
Forecasters examines the entrepreneurs, service companies, and
consultants that have worked behind the scenes to connect designers
and retailers to emerging fashion trends in Europe, North America,
and Asia. Here you will read about the trend studios, color
experts, and international trade fairs that formalized the
prediction process in the modern era, and hear the voices of
leading contemporary practitioners at international forecasting
companies such as the Doneger Group in New York and WGSN in London.
Probing the inner workings of the global fashion system, The
Fashion Forecasters blends history, biography, and ethnography into
a highly readable cultural narrative.
The fashion business has been collecting and analyzing information
about colors, fabrics, silhouettes, and styles since the 18th
century - activities that have long been shrouded in mystery. The
Fashion Forecasters is the first book to reveal the hidden history
of color and trend forecasting and to explore its relevance to the
fashion business of the past two centuries. It sheds light on trend
forecasting in the industrial era, the profession's maturation
during the modernist moment of the 20th century, and its continued
importance in today's digital fast-fashion culture. Based on
in-depth archival research and oral history interviews, The Fashion
Forecasters examines the entrepreneurs, service companies, and
consultants that have worked behind the scenes to connect designers
and retailers to emerging fashion trends in Europe, North America,
and Asia. Here you will read about the trend studios, color
experts, and international trade fairs that formalized the
prediction process in the modern era, and hear the voices of
leading contemporary practitioners at international forecasting
companies such as the Doneger Group in New York and WGSN in London.
Probing the inner workings of the global fashion system, The
Fashion Forecasters blends history, biography, and ethnography into
a highly readable cultural narrative.
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